Sample+Page+II

=Period 2 Respiratory System = =Darnell = =Michael = Rebecca Ifey 

=media type="file" key="Respiration 3D Medical Animation.m4v" align="right" width="444" height="432"=

= = [|Respiratory System] VIDEO (NEED YOUTUBE) = = ﻿1. Structure/ Function: =

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

 * ==== Nostrils, and Oral Cavity: Locations where air enters and exits the body. ====
 * Nasal Cavity: Filled with hair and helps filter air as it enters nostrils.
 * Pharynx: Provides a passageway for the respiratory and digestive tracts. Provides a passageway for food during digestion and oxygen and carbon dioxide in respiration.
 * Larynx (a.k.a voice box or glottis): Creates noises. As air flows in and out of the body is causes the vocal cords to vibrate creating sound.(i.e. talking, singing, screaming)
 * Trachea (a.k.a. windpipe): Airway which respiratory air passes through.

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
= 2. Enzymes/ Hormones: = 3. Regulation: Formation of the respiratory system is regulated by a cascade of molecules.  1. Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF-10)  a. produced by the mesoderm;  b. stimulates the initial outgrowth of the lung buds  2. The Hox genes:  a. Hox-3, Hox-4, Hox-5 and Hox-6 are expressed in early development of  the lung buds  b. Combinations of Hox genes specify different regions of the respiratory  system. <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">3. Sonic hedgehog <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> a. Is produced by the endoderm. <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> b. It stimulates Bone Morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4), which is produced by the mesoderm <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> c. It inhibits FGF-10 <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> Other molecules in the mesoderm regulate branching and differentiation of epithelia of lung buds. The main regulatory molecules are: <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> 1. N-Myc (a proto-oncogene) – stimulates branching <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> 2. Fibronectin and Collagen types I and III stabilize branching sites <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> 3. Syndecan (a proteoglycan) and Tenascin (a matrix protein) stabilize the epithelia <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> 4. Epimorphin (a matrix protein) organizes the epithelium, including the polarity of the cells and their arrangement in the epithelium. = = = 4. Communication: = = The digestive tract is dependent upon the respiratory system, because your digestive tract functions by using muscular contractions to break up food and move it along the tract. Smooth muscle in the stomach churns food into a liquid, and contractions of the intestine move food through the system. These muscles depend upon oxygen in order to function -- without oxygen, your digestive tract would stop working. Similarly, your respiratory tract wouldn't be able to function without the products of digestion. While the process of exhalation is passive and doesn't require muscular contraction, you contract the respiratory muscles including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to inhale. Muscles need fuel in order to contract, and the fuel they use is primarily in the form of carbohydrate and fat. The efforts of the digestive tract provide the cells of the respiratory muscles with fuel. =
 * Bronchioles: There are two primary bronchi,right and left, which are the first divistions branching off from the trachea to take air into the lungs. The primary bronchi then subdivide into secondary (lobar) bronchi and then subdivide again into tertiary bronchi which continue to divide until they are tiny bronchioles which supply each alveoli in the lungs. The bronchi also contains rings of hyaling cartilage which helps to provide flexible support to the airways.
 * Alveoli: Attached to the bronchial branches and site of gas exchange and stabilize air within the lungs.
 * Superior, Middle, and Inferior lobes. Right lung contains all 3 but left only has a superior and inferior. The lobes work with the alveoli to filter air and provide oxygen for the bloodstream.
 * Right and left lungs: Circulate air to the heart and provide oxygen to the blood supply. Also allows you to pump oxygen in and out of the body (breathing).
 * Heart: Pumps the blood throughout the body to distribute oxygen to all tissues and bring the carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be exhaled.
 * Diaphragm: Large dome-shaped muscle at the base of the lungs and makes the chest cavity expand when you inhale and contract when you exhale
 * ====== Angiotensin: Enzymes used to convert other enzymes and used in the blood circulation in the respiratory system as fitration system. ======
 * Aldosterone: Hormone that stimulates the angiostensin phases, activated by lungs.

**Resources:**
 * **http://www.poultryhub.org/anatomy-and-physiology/respiratory-system-and-thermoregulation/**
 * **http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/respiratorysystem/menu/menu.html**
 * **http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/systems/respiration.html**
 * ** [] **
 * **wikipedia.com**
 * **youtube.com**
 * **coach taylors anatomy notes of mceachern staff website**