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﻿ **Onyale** =﻿Annie = =Whitney = =Halie =

Here is a [|link] to a video to get some basic information on the nervous system!

3. REGULATION: [] [] [] [] []

//far above proportion to their size and this is// //true. It is also true, however, that the glands// //have their master, probably the most remarkable// //creation of life's miracles - the human brain."// //(Dr Bernard Jenson PhD)// || *Think of the nervous system like a telephone network: -The brain is the switchboard; it controls everything -the nerves are telephone cables; the carry the messages to the organs and other body systems
 * //"It would seem that our glands effect control//
 * [[image:http://stresshelp.tripod.com/imagelib/sitebuilder/layout/spacer.gif width="1" height="10"]] ||
 * *__**Our nervous systems play a key role in stress response**__

*Communication in the nervous system is a result of chemicals (hormones) and electrical impulses (that can travel at speed of 13 meters per second) <span style="color: #16d0d0; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">*Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical energy forces: touch, pressure, stretching, and movement.

<span style="color: #16d0d0; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: medium; text-align: left;">The nervous system is broken down into 2 major parts: <span style="color: #16d0d0; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**sympathetic( fight or flight response)** and **parasympathetic (time to rest response)** nervous systems control the organs and other body systems by slowing down or speeding up electrical impulses <span style="color: #16d0d0; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">*Normally there is a balance kept between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, but in long term chronic stress this balance can be disturbed and either one of the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous systems can predominate over the other leading to stress related health problems. <span style="color: #16d0d0; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">* Through the levels and types of hormones released, the nervous system is able to regulate other body systems, temperature, mood, etc.

<span style="color: #16d0d0; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE NEUROTRANSMITTERS

<span style="color: #16d0d0; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: medium; text-align: left;">When we perceive a real or imagined threatening stressor, the brain initiates the stress response by triggering a series of chemical chain-reactions that prepare the body for fight or flight. ...triggers the release of hormones that affect every organ and system of the body. The **hypothalamus**, a collection of tissues in the brain, stimulates the pituatary gland in the brain which then stimulates the adrenal gland on top of each kidney to release its stress hormones.

<span style="color: #16d0d0; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: medium; text-align: left;">*The stress response is normal, but if we freak out all the time the excess hormones can be detrimental to our health (not copied and pasted. I came up with this word) <span style="color: #16d0d0; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Long term effects: blood clotting increase, blood cholesterol level increase, heart disease, stroke, angina, increase blood pressure <span style="color: #16d0d0; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Short term effects: hormones weaken the immune system which makes us vulnerable to minor infections, muscle tension, neck and back pain

<span style="color: #16d0d0; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">*Cortisol is a hormone that, when there's too much, can get in the way of serotonin...leads to depression (serotonin is linked to mood). Can also cause depression, anxiety disorders, and insomnia.

<span style="color: #16d0d0; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: medium; text-align: left;">**As a defense mechanism, the body has a system to counteract the effects of these excess hormones**

<span style="color: #16d0d0; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: medium; text-align: left;">NEUROTRANSMITTERS <span style="color: #16d0d0; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The human brain produces many hormones called neurotransmitters which can have powerful effects on our psychological and physiological health.

<span style="color: #16d0d0; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: medium; text-align: left;">*Certain brain neurotransmitters have antidepressant and anti-anxiety effects and regulate appetite. Research indicates the balance of neurotransiiters affect everything from sleeping, waking, love, stress, anger, opetimism, pessimism, risk taking behaviour, aggression, drug abuse, alcohbol abuse, violence, anxiety, appetite etc. <span style="color: #16d0d0; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">There are more than 60 neurotransmitters <span style="color: #16d0d0; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: medium; text-align: left;">chemicals such as serotonin, adrenaline, noradrenaline, endorphins, dopamine, enkephalins etc., have a very powerful influence on our mood and to a degree on the way we think. Positive thinking can have a beneficial effect on our nervous health...chemicals like seratonin are released that can improve mood

<span style="color: #16d0d0; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: medium; text-align: left;">Research on Type A personalities who had suffered a heart attack showed that if they were taught stress management techniques ( positive thinking and ways to control the hormones their body sends as defense mechanisms) then they could dramatically reduce their risk of a second heart attack when compared to Type A personalities who had not been taught stress management techniques. <span style="color: #16d0d0; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">

<span style="color: #16d0d0; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: medium; text-align: left;">INFLUENCES ON NEUROTRANSMITTERS <span style="color: #16d0d0; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">caffeine, alcohol, diet, exercise and stress can all help improve our neurological health by helping us relieve stress. These hormones and stimulants also make us more vulnerable to developing stress, anxiety, depression, insomnia, etc. <span style="color: #16d0d0; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> <span style="color: #16d0d0; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: medium; text-align: left;">PROBLEMS LINKED TO LOW LEVELS OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS <span style="color: #16d0d0; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">factors that are negative triggers of the nervous system include: <span style="color: #16d0d0; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">-depression and anxiety <span style="color: #16d0d0; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">-Pre Menstrual Syndrome <span style="color: #16d0d0; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">-social fear <span style="color: #16d0d0; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">-aggression <span style="color: #16d0d0; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">-OCD <span style="color: #16d0d0; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">-post traumatic stress disorder <span style="color: #16d0d0; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">-violence <span style="color: #16d0d0; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">-gambling <span style="color: #16d0d0; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">-overeating <span style="color: #16d0d0; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">-excess sex <span style="color: #16d0d0; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">-drug abuse

<span style="color: #16d0d0; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Studies have shown people who experience these behaviors have low levels of neurotransmitters, or mood boosting hormones || <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">4. Communication <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PNS.html <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">http://mysite.verizon.net/res0im1v/donettesteelepsychology/id27.html <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">http://www.theherbsplace.com/Nervous_System_sp_126.html

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==<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0in;">**// Nuerons are the building block of the body's communication system. //** == ==<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0in;">**// Neurons are specialized cells that convey sensory information into the brain, carry out the operations involved in thought and feeling and action, and transmit commands out into the body to control muscles and organs. //** == ==<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0in;">**// The most prominent part of the neuron is the soma(cell body). //** == ==<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0in;">**// Dendrites are extensions that branch out from the cell body to receive information from other neurons. //** == ==<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0in;">**// The axon extends like a tail from the cell body and carries information to other locations. //** == ==<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0in;">**// Branches at the end of the axon group in swellings called end bulbs or terminals. //** == ==<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0in;">**// The terminals contain chemical neurotransmitters, which the neuron releases to communicate with a muscle or an organ or the next neuron in a chain. //** == ==<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0in;">**// Three major kinds of neurons and variations within those types: //** ==

==<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 1.3em; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; padding: 5px 0px 0px; text-indent: 0in;">**<span style="color: #800080; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">-Motor neuron - carries commands to the muscles and organs. ** == ===<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 1.1em; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; padding: 5px 0px 0px; text-indent: 0in;">**<span style="color: #800080; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">A motor neuron’s axon and dendrites extend from the cell body, which is why it is called a multipolar neuron. ** === ==<span style="color: #800080; display: inline ! important; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0in;">-Sensory Neuron - carries information from the body and from the outside world into the brain and spinal cord. == ===<span style="color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0in;">//** A sensory neuron can be unipolar with a single short stalk from the cell body that divides into two branches, or bipolar with an axon one side of the cell body and a dendritic process on the other. **// === ==<span style="color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0in;">//** -Interneurons connect one neuron to another in the same part of the brain or spinal cord. **// ==

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==<span style="color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0in;">//** *The most critical factor in the neuron’s ability to communicate is the membrane that encloses the cell. **// == ==<span style="color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0in;">//** The membrane holds the cell together, and controls the environment within and around the cell. **// == ==<span style="color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: medium; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0in;">//** This selective permeability contributes to the most fundamental characteristic of neurons, polarization, which means that there is a difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the cell. **// ==

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">//** Communication with the other body systems: **//

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">//** Skeletal system : **// <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">//** The brain regulates the position of the bones by controlling muscles. **// <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">//** Sensory receptors in joints between bones send signals about body position to the brain. **//

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">Muscular system : <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">Receptors in muscles provide the brain with information about body position and movement. <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">The brain controls the contraction of skeletal muscle.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Respiratory system : <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">The brain regulates respiratory rate.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">Reproductive system :

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Reproductive hormones affect brain development and sexual behavior.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The brain controls mating behavior.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Digestive System : <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">Digestive processes provide the building blocks for some neurotransmitters.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The brain controls muscles for eating and elimination.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The digestive system sends sensory information to the brain.

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<span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">2. Enzymes/Hormones

<span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Hormones - organic chemicals that regulate the body's physiological processes <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">When the hypothalamus detects certain body changes, it releases regulating factors (chemicals that stimulate or inhibit the pituitary gland). The pituitary gland then releases or blocks various hormones. <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Antioxidant Enzymes <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Neutralize/stabilize free radicals <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">- reduce energy of free radical <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">- give up electrons for free radical’s use <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Prevent free radicals from forming <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Interrupt an oxidizing chain reaction to minimize the damage caused by free radicals <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">· superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.25in;">Free Radicals contribute to: <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">· the aging process <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">· cancer <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">· atherosclerosis <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">Neurotransmitters: <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-left: 38.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">· tend to be small molecules <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-left: 38.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">· some are hormones <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-left: 38.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">· time for neurotransmitter action: between 0,5 and 1 millisecond <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-left: 38.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">· either destroyed by specific enzymes in the synaptic cleft, diffuse out of the cleft, or are reabsorbed by the cell <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-left: 38.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">· More than 30 organic molecules are thought to act as neurotransmitters <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-left: 38.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Neurotransmitters cross the cleft, binding to receptor molecules on the next cell, prompting transmission of the message along that cell's membrane <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-left: 38.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">· <span class="wiki_link_ext">Acetylcholine & <span class="wiki_link_ext">norepinephrine both neurotransmitters, although each acts in different responses <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-left: 38.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Once in the cleft, neurotransmitters are active for only a short time <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-left: 38.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Enzymes in the cleft inactivate the neurotransmitters <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-left: 38.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Inactivated neurotransmitters are taken back into the axon and recycled. <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">**Parkinson's disease has a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine.** <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">**Acetylcholine** <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;">· primary chemical carrier of thought and memory <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;">- storage & recall <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;">- concentration & focus <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;">· muscular coordination <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;">· deficiency causes memory decline & reduced cognitive capacity <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;">· not made from amino acids <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">· belongs to B family of vitamins <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">· choline acetyltransferase – key brain enzyme, helps synthesize acetylcholine <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">· levels decline with age due to increase in acetylcholinesterase, the enyme that breaks down acetylcholine || <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">Antioxidant Enzymes <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">The antioxidant enzymes **superoxide dismutase** (SOD), **catalase** (CAT) and **glutathione peroxidase** (GPx) serve as your primary line of defense in destroying free radicals. <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">SOD first reduces (adds an electron to) the radical superoxide (O2-) to form hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxygen (O2). <span style="color: #ff006a; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center;">**2O2- + 2H --SOD--> H2O2 + O2** <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">Catalase and GPx then work simultaneously with the protein glutathione to reduce hydrogen peroxide and ultimately produce water (H2O). <span style="color: #ff006a; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center;">**2H2O2 --CAT--> H2O + O2** <span style="color: #ff006a; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; text-align: center;">**H2O2 + 2glutathione --GPx--> oxidized glutathione + 2H2O** <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">(The oxidized glutathione is then reduced by another antioxidant enzyme -- glutathione reductase.) <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">Together, they repair oxidized DNA, degrade oxidized protein, and destroy oxidized lipids (fat-like substances that are a constituent of cell membranes). Various other enzymes act as a secondary antioxidant defense mechanism to protect you from further damage. <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Hypothalamus --> pituitary gland --> hormone ||
 * <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">· metabolizes fats
 * <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE

<span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">A stalk links the pituitary to the <span class="wiki_link_ext">hypothalamus, which controls release of pituitary hormones.

<span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- pass through the plasma membrane
<span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Steroid hormones bind inside the cell to the nuclear membrane receptors, producing an activated hormone-receptor complex <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- The activated hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA and activates specific genes, increasing production of proteins.

<span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Nonsteroid Hormones
<span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · water soluble <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · do not enter the cell but bind to plasma membrane receptors, generating a chemical signal (<span class="wiki_link_ext">second messenger ) inside the target cell <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Five different second messenger chemicals, including cyclic AMP have been identified <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Second messengers activate other intracellular chemicals to produce the target cell response

<span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
<span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; margin-bottom: 0pt;">The secretion of TSH is <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; margin-bottom: 0pt;">As its name suggests, TSH stimulates the <span class="wiki_link_ext">thyroid gland to secrete its hormone **thyroxine** (**T4**). It does this by binding to transmembrane <span class="wiki_link_ext">G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on the surface of the cells of the thyroid. <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Some people develop antibodies against their own TSH receptors. When these bind the receptors, they "fool" the cell into making more T4 causing **hyper**thyroidism. The condition is called <span class="wiki_link_ext">thyrotoxicosis or Graves' disease.
 * <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">stimulated by the arrival of **<span class="wiki_link_ext">thyrotropin releasing hormone ** (**TRH**) from the hypothalamus.
 * <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">inhibited by the arrival of **<span class="wiki_link_ext">somatostatin ** from the hypothalamus.

<span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
<span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Synthesis and release of FSH is triggered by the arrival from the hypothalamus of **<span class="wiki_link_ext">gonadotropin-releasing hormone ** (**GnRH**). <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">In sexually-mature females, FSH (assisted by LH) acts on the <span class="wiki_link_ext">follicle to stimulate it to release **<span class="wiki_link_ext">estrogens **. <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">In sexually-mature males, FSH acts on <span class="wiki_link_ext">spermatogonia stimulating (with the aid of <span class="wiki_link_ext">testosterone ) the production of sperm.

<span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Hormone (LH)
<span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">In sexually-mature females, <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">LH acts on the interstitial cells of the **<span class="wiki_link_ext">testes ** stimulating them to synthesize and secrete the male sex hormone, **<span class="wiki_link_ext">testosterone **.
 * <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">a surge of LH triggers the completion of <span class="wiki_link_ext">meiosis I of the egg and its release (**ovulation**) in the middle of the <span class="wiki_link_ext">menstrual cycle ;
 * <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">stimulates the now-empty follicle to develop into the **corpus luteum**, which secretes **<span class="wiki_link_ext">progesterone ** during the latter half of the menstrual cycle.

<span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">(PRL)
<span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - During pregnancy it helps in the preparation of the breasts for future milk production. <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - After birth, promotes the synthesis of milk. <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Prolactin secretion is <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · stimulated by **<span class="wiki_link_ext">TRH **
 * <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">repressed by **estrogens** and **<span class="wiki_link_ext">dopamine **.

<span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Hormone (GH)
<span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">GH-secreting cells are stimulated to synthesize and release GH by the intermittent arrival of **growth hormone releasing hormone** (**GHRH**) from the hypothalamus. GH promotes body growth by: <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Things that can go wrong. <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; margin-left: 1in;">or homozygosity for a disabling mutation in //<span class="wiki_link_ext">STAT5b //, which is part of the "downstream" signaling process after GH binds its receptor.
 * <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">binding to receptors on the surface of liver cells.
 * <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">This stimulates them to release **insulin-like growth factor-1** (**IGF-1**; also known as **somatomedin**)
 * <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">IGF-1 acts directly on the ends of the long <span class="wiki_link_ext">bones promoting their growth
 * <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">In childhood,
 * <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">**hypo**secretion of GH produces the stunted — but normally well-proportioned — growth of a **midget**.
 * <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">Growth retardation can also result from an inability to **respond** to GH. This can be caused by inheriting two mutant genes encoding the **receptors** for
 * <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">**GHRH** or
 * <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">**GH** (causing Laron syndrome, a form of dwarfism).
 * <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">**hyper**secretion leads to **gigantism**
 * <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">In adults, a **hyper**secretion of GH or GHRH leads to **acromegaly**.

<span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">— the adrenocorticotropic hormone
<span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">ACTH acts on the cells of the **<span class="wiki_link_ext">adrenal cortex **, stimulating them to produce <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - **<span class="wiki_link_ext">glucocorticoids **, like **cortisol**; <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - **<span class="wiki_link_ext">mineralocorticoids **, like **aldosterone**; <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - **<span class="wiki_link_ext">androgens ** (male sex hormones, like **testosterone**). <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - In the fetus, ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize a precursor of estrogen called **dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate** (**DHEA-S**) which helps prepare the mother for giving <span class="wiki_link_ext">birth <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Production of ACTH depends on the intermittent arrival of **corticotropin-releasing hormone** (**CRH**) from the hypothalamus. <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- **Hyper**secretion of ACTH is a frequent cause of <span class="wiki_link_ext">Cushing's disease. > - AKA **arginine vasopressin** (AVP) & the **antidiuretic hormone** (ADH). > - acts on the collecting ducts of the kidney to facilitate the reabsorption of water into the blood > - reduces the volume of urine formed (giving it its name of antidiuretic hormone) <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o A deficiency of vasopressin or inheritance of mutant genes for its **receptor** (called **V2**) leads to excessive loss of urine, a condition known as **diabetes insipidus**. The most severely-afflicted patients may urinate as much as 30 liters (almost 8 gallons!) of urine each day. The disease is accompanied by terrible thirst, and patients must continually drink water to avoid dangerous dehydration. > - acts on certain smooth muscles: <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Oxytocin also acts on the <span class="wiki_link_ext">nucleus accumbens and amygdala in the brain where it enhances:
 * <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">
 * <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">
 * <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">stimulating contractions of the uterus at the time of <span class="wiki_link_ext">birth
 * <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">stimulating release of milk when the baby begins to suckle
 * <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">bonding between males and females after they have mated
 * <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">bonding between a mother and her newborn
 * <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">in humans, increases the level of one's trust in other people

<span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">[] <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">[] <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">[] <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">[] <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">[] <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">[] <span style="color: #ff006a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: normal;">[]

<span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**1. Structure and Function**
<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> =<span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">__**Structure**__ =

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">
 * <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">The nervous system of vertebrae (including humans) is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
 * <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">The <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">central nervous system (CNS) is the biggest part, and includes the <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">brain and <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">spinal cord . The spinal cavity contains the spinal cord, while the head contains the brain. The CNS is enclosed and protected by meninges, a three-layered system of membranes, including a tough, leathery outer layer called the dura mater. The brain is also protected by the skull, and the spinal cord by the vertebrae.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The  <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">peripheral nervous system <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> (PNS) is a collective term for the nervous system  <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">s<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">tructures that are not in the CNS <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">(basically all the <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">nerves ). The PNS is divided into a <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">somatic part ,which consists of nerves associated with the skin, joints, and muscles, and the <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">visceral (aka autonomic) part, which contains nerves associated with internal organs, blood vessels, and glands. The autonomic nervous system itself consists of two parts: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
 * <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">There are<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> thre<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">e main organ s that are big players in the nervous system.

>>
 * <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">The <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">brain <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> is the soft, shiny grayish-white mushroom shaped structure located inside your skull. It is a very complex organ considering that it is the control system of the body, but it can be broken down to three main and important parts    <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">.
 * <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">forebrain consists of the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus
 * <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">midbrain is the name given to the part that connects the brain to the spinal cord. It is only 2 cm long.
 * <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">hindbrain consists of the pons, medulla oblongata, and the cerebellum
 * <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">spinal cord is a long, thin rope of nervous tissue that extends from the brain and all the way down the back. It is protected by the vertebral column
 * <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">nerves aren't "organs" of the nervous system but knowing what they look like and what they are is very important. Nerves are a cable-like structure that contain many axon. There are many of these throughout the body that affect different portions of the body such as the cranial nerves and afferent nerves, and the functions of these come later. Nerves consists of neurons which will also come later. The nerves are in <span style="color: #ffff00; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">yellow in the picture





<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">
=<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">__ ﻿Function __ = <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">
 * <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">The <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">main function of the nervous system is to <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">send signals from one cell to another, or from one part of the body to other parts.
 * <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">There are multiple ways that a cell can send signals to other cells.
 * <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">One is by <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">releasing hormones into the internal circulation, so that they can spread to distant sites.
 * <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">Another is a "broadcast" mode of signaling, the nervous system <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">provides "point-to-point" signals —neurons project their axons to specific target areas and make synaptic connections with specific target cells. Because of this, neural signaling is capable of more specificity than hormonal signaling.
 * <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">At a more <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">centralizing level, the primary function of the nervous system is <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">to control the body.
 * <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">It does this by taking information from the environment using sensory receptors, sending signals that encode this information into the central nervous system, processing the information to determine an appropriate response, and sending output signals to muscles or glands to activate the response.
 * <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">Functions of parts of the brain
 * <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">The<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> brain is the <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">computer of the nervous system and the rest of the nervous system is like the network that relays messages back and forth from the brain to the body.
 * <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: 19px;">Forebrain
 * <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: 19px;">cerebr<span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">um <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">//-//memory, learning, emotion
 * <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> cerebral cortex //-//sensory and motor nerve cell bodies
 * <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> corpus callosum //﻿-//connects left and right hemispheres
 * <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: 19px;">thalamus hypothalamus-regulatory parts of the brain
 * <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">Hind brain
 * <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;">cerebellum-coordination of movement
 * <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 110%;"> medulla oblongata/ pons-autonomic, homeostatic functions
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> Functions of the spinal cord
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> The <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">spinal cord is the relay of the messages from the nerves to the brain or vice versa. Sensory information is carried from the peripheral nerves to the spinal cord through the dorsal roots. Motor commands exit the spinal cord through the ventral roots where they are then sent to the nerves.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> Functions of the nerves
 * <span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: normal;">Nerves are made up of <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">nerve cells aka neurons <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"><span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-size: 70%; line-height: normal;">﻿ <span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; line-height: normal;">﻿  <span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> which are involved in information transmission – receiving, processing and transmitting information through their highly specialised structure. Neurons consist of a cell body and two types of projections – the dendrites and an axon. Most neurons have many dendrites, but only one axon..
 * <span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 16px;">The <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">dendrites are tree-like extensions at the head of the neuron<span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: normal;">. <span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: normal;">Dendrites are specialised for receiving information and form synaptic contacts with the terminals of other nerve cells to allow nerve impulses to be transmitted.
 * <span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: normal;"> The<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> axon is the long, thread-like part of the nerve cell that extends from the cell body. Th <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 105%;">e axon is covered by a sheath of myelin and is specialised for signal transduction, sending messages; at the end of the axon, the nerve impulses are transmitted to other neurons or to effector organs.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> <span style="color: #ff0060; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 20px;">If you REALLY need more visuals or explanations go <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 20px;"> [|here]

=<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;"> <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;"><span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> If you REALLY need something to explain ALL of the Nervous to you, look at this ->  =

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="color: #00adff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px;">If you REALLY need someone to explain ALL of the craziness of the Nervous System go here and visit my man Andersen right here :)   <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">

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