Nervous+System

Darra Boyer ** Nervous System ** Central Nervous System Flow Chart Communication in the Nervous System Nervous System Diagram
 * Patra Fulton **
 * Olafactory Nerve
 * Extends from olfactory mucosa of nasal cavity to olfactory bulb
 * Sense of Smell
 * Optic Nerve
 * Connects to retina supplying vision
 * Oculomotor Nerve
 * Levator palpebrae raises eyelids (ptosis)
 * 4 extrinsic eye muscles
 * 2 intrinsic eye muscle
 * Accommodation for near vision (changing shape of lens during reading)
 * Construction of pupil
 * Trochlear Nerve
 * Superior oblique eye muscle
 * Trigeminal Nerve
 * Motor portion
 * Muscles of mastication (chewing)
 * Sensory Portion
 * Touch, pain & temperature receptors of the face
 * Ophthalmic branch
 * Maxillary branch
 * Mandibular branch
 * Abducens Nerve
 * Lateral rectus eye muscle
 * Facial Nerve
 * Motor portion
 * Facial muscles
 * Salivary & nasal and oral mucous gland & tears
 * Sensory portion
 * Taste buds on anterior 2/3’s of tongue (affected by stroke
 * Vestibulocochlear Nerve
 * Cochlear branch begins in medulla
 * Receptors in cochlea
 * Hearing
 * Partly responsible for homeostasis
 * Works in conjunction with the endocrine system by employing nerve impulses
 * Responds stimuli to adjust body processes
 * Signals from other neurons or sensory cells are received on the dendrites and cell body (soma) and cause localized changes in membrane polarization

Hormones and enzymes involved

The endocrine system is where the hormones that are connected to the nervous system lie. These are hormone-producing glands and organs. It function includes
 * ====== Extracellular communication: while the nervous system communicates using neurons and electricity, the endocrine system uses chemicals, called hormones, to communicate between cells and regulate body functions. ======

There are many types of hormones that work in this system that helps to regulate the body
 * ====== Vasopressin -Created by the hypothalamus, helps maintain blood pressure and water and electrolyte balance. ======
 * Growth Hormone -produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates growth during childhood and also stimulates cell reproduction, which helps adults maintain muscle and bone mass.
 * Calcitonin -produced by the thyroid gland, aids in bone construction.
 * Adrenaline -- Produced within the adrenal, adrenaline works with noradrenaline to produce the "fight or flight" response by increasing the supply of oxygen to the brain and muscles, dilating the pupils, and suppressing bodily functions not useful in an emergency situation (such as digestion).
 * Noradrenaline -- Noradrenaline works with adrenaline to help the endocrine system produce the "fight or flight" response; in an emergency situation, it boosts the oxygen supply to the brain and the supply of glucose to the muscles.

Along with the Endocrine System the hormones Neurotransmitters are directly in the nervous system. Neurotransmitters are the brain chemicals that communicate information throughout our brain and body. They relay signals between nerve cells, called “neurons.” The brain uses neurotransmitters to tell your heart to beat, your lungs to breathe, and your stomach to digest. They can also affect mood, sleep, concentration, weight, and can cause adverse symptoms when they are out of balance. Neurotransmitter levels can be depleted many ways. They are broken down in two different categories Inhibitory and Excitatory Neurotransmitters.

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters include


 * SEROTONIN– which means that it does not stimulate the brain. Adequate amounts of serotonin are necessary for a stable mood and to balance any excessive excitatory (stimulating) neurotransmitter firing in the brain.
 * GABA-. When GABA is out of range (high or low excretion values), it is likely that an excitatory neurotransmitter is firing too often in the brain. GABA will be sent out to attempt to balance this stimulating over-firing.
 * ====== DOPAMINE is a special neurotransmitter because it is considered to be both excitatory and inhibitory. Dopamine helps with depression as well as focus. ======

Excitatory Neurotransmitters include

 * ====== NOREPINEPHRINE is an excitatory neurotransmitter that is responsible for stimulatory processes in the body. Norepinephrine helps to make epinephrine as well. This neurotransmitter can cause ANXIETY at elevated excretion levels as well as some “MOOD DAMPENING” effects. Low levels of norepinephrine are associated with LOW ENERGY, DECREASED FOCUS ability and sleep cycle problems. ======
 * EPINEPHRINE is an excitatory neurotransmitter that is reflective of stress. This neurotransmitter will often be elevated when ADHD like symptoms are present. Long term STRESS or INSOMNIA can cause epinephrine levels to be depleted (low). Epinephrine also regulates HEART RATE and BLOOD PRESSURE.

Peripheral nervous system Peripheral Nervous System- all the nerves and biological tissue mass outside the brain and spinal cord. The main function of the PNS is to connect the Central Nervous System to the other organs and limbs. It is divided into two sections Somatic nervous system- the voluntary control of body movements, they are responsible for stimulating muscle contraction, including all the non-sensory neurons connected with skeletal muscles and skin. Autonomic nervous system- involuntary nervous system, it functioning largely below the level of consciousness, and affects heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, salivation, perspiration, pupillary dilation, urination, and sexual arousal. This then breaks down even further to: Parasympathetic nervous system- which is responsible for regulation of internal organs and glands, which occurs unconsciously, this, is responsible for “Rest and Digest”. Sympathetic nervous system- This is the opposite system. It aids in the control of most of the body's internal organs, stress and in the flight-or-fight response.

Neuron Diagram

AP Style Questions and Answers- (Nervous System) []

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 * Resources: **
 * ====== Honors Anatomy and Physiology Notes- Coach Taylor ======
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 * Communication in Nervous System
 * Enzymes
 * Peripheral nervous system
 * ====== School House Rock Nervous System Video: ======
 * ====== Nervous System Interactive Quiz ======